Rappelling

Rappelling, the controlled descent down a rope, is a critical skill utilized by military and tactical teams. Its importance extends beyond these specialized groups to civilians, particularly in survival scenarios. Understanding the techniques and applications of rappelling can significantly enhance one's ability to navigate challenging environments, whether in tactical operations, wilderness survival, or emergency situations where traditional pathways are obstructed.

Rappelling in Tactical Operations

Enhanced Mobility and Access

In tactical operations, rapid and efficient movement is crucial. Rappelling provides teams with the ability to:

• Access Difficult Terrain: Tactical teams often operate in environments where traditional routes are inaccessible. Rappelling allows them to traverse cliffs, buildings, and other vertical obstacles swiftly.

• Urban Operations: In urban settings, rappelling is essential for accessing multi-story buildings, both for entry and evacuation. This capability is particularly valuable in hostage rescue missions or urban warfare.

• Aerial Insertions: Helicopter-borne operations frequently involve rappelling to insert personnel quickly into areas without landing zones. This technique, known as fast-roping, is faster than conventional landing and minimizes exposure to hostile fire.

Safety and Efficiency

Rappelling, when done correctly, ensures the safety and efficiency of tactical operations:

• Controlled Descent: Rappelling allows for precise control during descent, minimizing the risk of injury from falls.

• Quick Deployment: Teams can deploy rapidly and silently, maintaining the element of surprise.

• Evacuation: Injured personnel can be evacuated from difficult terrain using specialized rappelling techniques, ensuring they receive prompt medical attention.

Basic Rappelling Equipment Based on the Figure-Eight Technique

The technique that I was learning and I am still practicing today for rappelling is using the figure-eight descender and is a fundamental skill for both tactical operations and wilderness survival. Understanding the essential equipment and the proper use of the figure-eight technique is crucial for a safe and controlled descent. Here is a detailed guide on the basic equipment needed and the technique involved in rappelling with a figure-eight device. In the near future I will create some videos regarding this subject for the ones that are interested.

Essential Rappelling Equipment

1. Harness

• Description: A harness is worn around the waist and thighs, distributing the weight evenly during the descent.

• Features: Look for a harness with adjustable leg loops and a comfortable waist belt. Ensure it has a secure tie-in point for attaching the figure-eight device.
  

2. Rope

• Description: The rope is the primary means of descent and must be strong and reliable.

• Types: Choose between dynamic ropes (which stretch to absorb impact) and static ropes (which have minimal stretch, providing better control for rappelling).

• Length and Diameter: Typically, a rope of 9-11mm in diameter and 50-70 meters in length is used.

For tactical scenarios I was using and I use dynamic rope 10-11.

Dynamic rope helps absorb the impact of a falling climber thanks to its elasticity. The impact and injury risk during a fall diminish dramatically with dynamic rope when compared to static.

Because tactical missions are done under stress and pressure and the chances that you fall are high, the use of a dynamic rope is suitable.

What is Dynamic Rope Made Of?

Dynamic rope is made of nylon, but in this case it is designed to stretch. The material is an effective energy absorber and in reducing rope drag. Dynamic ropes’ diameters can go from 7 to 11mm and they can go from 30 to 80+ metres in length.

Dynamic rope helps absorb the impact of a falling climber thanks to its elasticity. The impact and injury risk during a fall diminish dramatically with dynamic rope when compared to static.

What is a Static Rope Made Of?

Traditionally, there have been various construction methods for static ropes. Natural materials were used to make rope in the past, but have generally been replaced in favor of synthetic fibers. In most instances, static rope is low-elongation and constructed from durable nylon. Static ropes can vary from 9-13 mm diameter. Of course, the thicker they are, the more durable and resistant.

Uses

The uses of static rope include:

• Fire rescue operations

• Abseiling

• Hauling

• Caving

• Rappelling
  

How Much Stretch (Static Elongation) Does a Static Rope Have?

Static ropes are not completely static and they are designed to stretch minimally under load. In most cases, the static elongation or stretch is less than five percent. Static ropes are designed for maximum strength and minimal elongation to ensure as little stretch as possible.

3. Figure-Eight Descender

• Description: This metal device is specifically designed for controlled rappelling.

• Features: It has a large loop and a smaller loop, forming the shape of an "8". The rope threads through the loops to create friction, controlling the speed of descent.

4. Carabiners

• Description: Metal loops with spring-loaded gates, used to connect the rope, harness, and figure-eight device.

• Types: Locking carabiners are recommended for added security.

• Strength: Ensure they are rated for climbing and rappelling, with sufficient strength to hold your weight.

5. Helmet

• Description: Protects the head from falling debris and impacts during the descent.

• Features: Look for a helmet with adjustable straps and a secure fit.

6. Gloves

• Description: Protect hands from rope burns and provide better grip.

• Features: Choose gloves with reinforced palms and fingers, and made from durable materials designed for rappelling.
  

7. Anchor System

• Description: The setup used to secure the rope at the top of the descent.

• Components: Can include webbing, slings, or cord, along with additional carabiners or bolts.

• Strength: Ensure the anchor is secure and can support the weight of the rappeller.

8. Backup Safety Devices

• Description: Additional equipment to enhance safety during the rappel.

• Examples: Prusik loop or an auto-block knot for added friction and control.
  

Traditional (Face-Up) Rappelling

Traditional rappelling, also known as standard or face-up rappelling, is the most commonly practiced method. In this technique, the rappeller descends with their back facing the ground and their feet against the descent surface.

Face-Down (Aussie) Rappelling

Face-down rappelling, also known as Australian rappelling or Aussie rappelling, involves descending with the face and body facing the ground. This method is often used in tactical operations for its speed and psychological impact. For this type of technique with face down the carbine and the eight figure are coming attached to the harness at the back and the rope is gripped like in the image below.

In the next video I am performing a normal orthodox rappelling and the other team member is performing a face down rappelling. This is a footage from training and I underline that you must not try this if you are not having the knowledge.

Control the Descent

In this type of technique the hand is your safety. If you don't have nobody down to secure grab and stretch the rope if you fall you fall. Your hand is your brake and stop method, you let go to the rope you fall. In this method you use your dominant hand (brake hand) to hold the rope below the figure-eight device.

The figure-eight method of rappelling is a widely-used technique due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, it comes with inherent risks, especially when performed without assistance. The figure-eight device, while providing control and stability during descent, requires constant attention and proper technique to ensure safety. In scenarios where there is no one else to assist, the dangers are significantly heightened. Here’s an in-depth look at the risks involved and why having assistance can be crucial.

High-Speed Fall: If the brake hand lets go of the rope, the rappeller will descend uncontrollably. At high speeds, this can result in severe injury or death upon impact with the ground or other obstacles.

I was learning this skill when I was working in the tactical police unit from one of the best instructors in my country that was also and it is a brother in arms "Bocanila". You can see him in the video below performing a fast rappelling face down from a high 10 level building.

Also below you can see some footage from an old real mission in which the Bocanila was performing a tactical rappelling. This is an old footage but only to make an idea about this technique.

Safety Tips

• Double-Check Equipment: Always check your harness, carabiners, and figure-eight device before starting the descent.

• Use a Backup: Employ a backup friction knot, like a Prusik, for added safety in case you lose control of the descent.

• Practice: Gain proficiency in a controlled environment before attempting more challenging descents.

Rappelling for Civilians: Wilderness Survival

Navigating Challenging Terrain

In wilderness survival scenarios, knowing how to rappel can be life-saving:

• Descending Cliffs and Steep Slopes: When paths are blocked or non-existent, rappelling provides a safe method to descend steep or vertical terrain.

• Crossing Obstacles: Natural obstacles such as canyons or ravines can be crossed using rappelling techniques, expanding the areas accessible for exploration or escape.

Emergency Situations

Rappelling is invaluable in emergencies:

• Natural Disasters: In the aftermath of events like earthquakes or floods, traditional routes may be destroyed or blocked. Rappelling enables individuals to navigate these hazards and reach safety or aid others.

• Accident Response: In remote areas, quick access to injured individuals is critical. Rappelling allows for rapid descent to reach and assist those in need.

Building Confidence and Skills

Learning to rappel builds essential skills:

• Problem-Solving: Rappelling requires careful planning and execution, enhancing problem-solving abilities.

• Physical Fitness: The physical demands of rappelling improve strength, coordination, and endurance.

• Mental Resilience: Overcoming the fear of heights and mastering rappelling techniques boosts confidence and mental resilience.

Rappelling is a valuable skill with a wide range of applications, but it must be learned and practiced correctly to avoid serious risks. Professional training provides the foundation for safe and effective rappelling, offering expert instruction, hands-on experience, and the confidence to navigate vertical challenges. Whether for tactical operations, wilderness survival, or adventure activities, enrolling in professional rappelling courses is essential.

Stay safe all!